David Wilkinson

David Wilkinson David Wilkinson David WilkinsonDavid Wilkinson (1771 1852) may not be a household name, but without his work the machine tool industry would not likely be what it is today.Learning in his fathers metal shops from an early age where Oziel Wilkinson, a successful blacksmith by trade, initially produced hand-cut screws and large iron nails, son David became a talented mechanic. In 1794, David Wilkinson designed a screw-cutting lathe with a slide rest that allowed the tool to work at a constant speed and guided the cutting tool properly so that it produced an accurate thread. Some believe his design welches based on 500-year-old drawings by Leonardo da Vinci, who left behind a collection of sketches of prototypes for machine tools long before they were ever built.Wilkinsons work with the screw-cutting lathe and other devices had significant implications for an emerging textile industry. An inscription at the National Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark Wilkinson Mil l in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, calls him the father of the American machine tool industry. The Wilkinson Mill is now part of a national landmark, the Slater Mill Historic Site, a museum complex designed to provide an understanding of the American Industrial Revolution.David Wilkinsons screw-cutting lathe, 1798 (from American Machinist).While the screw-cutting lathe, patented by Wilkinson in 1798, is what he is best-known for, other work during his lifetime provided advancements in other areas, including in steam power generation. Two years after designing the lathe, he built a steam engine and used it to propel a boat from near Providence to Pawtucket and back again, probably the first steamship in America.He also produced a large general purpose lathe in 1806 that became the foundation of the American tool industry and built some of the first power looms.Interestingly, it is believed that Wilkinson did not generate much income from his lathe, but an 1848 report from the Committee on Military Affairs to the U.S. Senate called the invention vastly important to the government in its arsenals and armories and indispensable for making firearms.Wilkinson was born in Smithfield, Rhode Island, in 1771, the fourth of 10 children. In the 1780s, Oziel Wilkinson moved his family to Pawtucket and began making anchors for the emerging shipbuilding industry. The textile industry just in its infancy came to the Wilkinsons for their skills too. While Oziel made the iron work for a cotton carding machine, David forged and ground spindles for a spinning jenny. The grinding machine he built may have been the first centerless grinder, which offers benefits for certain types of grinding.The Wilkinson shop, powered by water from the Blackstone River, is one of the most important landmarks in the history of American mechanical engineering. There, screws made by the Wilkinsons were used in the manufacture of paper, in clothiers presses and in oil mills.When Samuel Slater, known as the Father of the Industrial Revolution, became interested in building a textile spinning mill in Pawtucket in 1790, it was the Wilkinsons he turned to for the machinery for the mill, and when the Wilkinsons built their own mill in 1810, it was very near Slaters cotton mill. Slaters relationship with the Wilkinsons became much more than geschftsleben when he married Davids sister Hannah.However, during a depression in the textile industry in 1829, Wilkinson was forced to sell his mill. The building was used by various industries until it was restored in the early 1970s and in 1977 was designated a National Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark by ASME.David Wilkinson left Rhode Island and eventually died in 1852 in Caledonia Springs, Ontario.Nancy Giges is an independent writer.Wilkinsons work with the screw-cutting lathe and other devices had significant implications for an emerging textile industry.

Annual Engineers Week Introduces Young People to the World of ...

Annual Engineers Week Introduces Young People to the World of ... Annual Engineers Week Introduces Young People to the World of ... Annual Engineers Week Introduces Young People to the World of EngineeringFor nearly 70 years, the contributions of engineers and their impact on society have been highlighted each February during Engineers Week. This years event, which will take place from Feb. 17 to 23, will include a number of interesting and educational events including Family Day, the Future City Competition Finals, Introduce a Girl to Engineering Day and the Global Marathon.Organized by DiscoverE, Engineers Week is co-chaired by the National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES) and the DiscoverE Leadership Council, which includes Bechtel, Bentley Systems, ExxonMobil, Lockheed Martin, NCEES, the Northrop Grumman Foundation, Shell Oil, TE Connectivity and the safety organization UL.Each year, mora than 6,000 students, educators and parents take part in DiscoverE Family Day, which kicks off Engineers Week on Feb. 16 at the National Building Museum in Washington, D.C. The festival, which has been held for the past 27 years, will feature dozens of exhibits presented by local and national engineering organizations including the ASME Washington D.C. Section that are intended to enable children under the age of 12 to experience first-hand the wonders and excitement of engineering. To learn more about Family Day, visit www.engineeringfamilyday.org.The final round of another popular DiscoverE program, the Future City Competition, will also take place in Washington, D.C., during Engineers Week. Each year, the competition challenges middle-school students to research, design and build their concept of what a city of the future would look like. ASME President Said Jahanmir and ASME Past President Vickie Rockwell will serve as judges for the competition, which will take place at the Hyatt Regency on Capitol Hill. Jahanmir will also take part in the F uture City Competition Finals ceremony and present a special ASME Best Futuristic City Award to one of the Future City teams on Feb. 19. For more information on the Future City Competition Finals, visit www.discovere.org/our-programs/future-city.Introduce a Girl to Engineering Day (Girl Day), on Feb. 21, will offer a variety of activities intended to familiarize young women with the exciting world of engineering and the contributions engineers make to society. For more information on Girl Day, or to learn how to become a Girl Day role model, visit www.discovere.org/our-programs/girl-day.Although not a part of the formal Engineers Week program in February, the Global Marathon continues the spirit of Engineers Week throughout the month of March and into April. The Global Marathon, which kicks off March 6, is a series of free, weekly zugnglich discussions offering practical career advice for women engineers. ASME member Lisa Drinnan, chair of the ASME Delaware Section and engineering p roject coordinator at KBR Inc., will appear as a panelist in a Global Marathon session on March 27 addressing work-life balance. To learn more about the Global Marathon, visit www.discovere.org/our-programs/global-marathon.For more information on DiscoverE Engineers Week, visit www.discovere.org.

What Employers Should Not Keep in Personnel Files

What Employers Should Not Keep in Personnel FilesWhat Employers Should Not Keep in Personnel FilesEmployers should never place particular items in your general personnel records. The contents of your employee personnel files and records are generally accessible to Human Resources staff, the employee, and the employees manager or supervisor, in some companies. In otzu sichs, access is limited to HR staff and employees can request access to their records. Lawyers can also subpoena the contents of the personnel records for lawsuits andthe Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) complaints. A former employee can also request a copy of his or her personnel records. Best practice makes the personnel file only accessible by Human Resources staff members. You need to keep personnel files under lock and key in a storage area that makes them inaccessible to other employees. With all of these potential uses and potential viewers of your employee personnel records, an employer must take c are to maintain unbiased, factual documentation of an employees employment history in your employee personnel records. Consequently, you will want to apply these general guidelines to the documentation that you retain in your organizations personnel records. Guidelines for the Contents of the Employee Personnel File Information in personnel records must be factual. Supervisor or Human Resources staff opinions random leides gossip unfounded rumors questions, reports, or tattletale allegations from other employees that are unexplored allegations elend pursued, investigated, and concluded and any other non-factual information, commentary, or notlagees should be excluded from an employees personnel file. One of the worst examples of offensive commentary that an HR manager found filed in an employee personnel record, involved a hiring managers interview notes. One stated Possibly too fat to get up and down the stairs as needed. Imagine the employee, an attorney, and even future empl oyees and supervisors reading comments such as these. In another company, the manager found unsubstantiated notes that managers and others had placed in the employees files such as, Marys angry because she didnt get a raise. She slowed her work down purposefully to get even with her manager. See the problem? Personnel records must be thoughtfully assigned to their appropriate file locations. Determine a protocol for your company personnel records based on state and Federal laws, employment laws such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), and employer best practices. Then, stick with the protocol. You do not want to find random doctors excuses tucked into the personnel file when they belong in a medical file. Nor, do you want the rationale and justification for an employees vorrcken in the payroll file. You also dont want the records of a hiring decision that involve background checking or notes from discussions with former employers in the person nel file. Supervisors, managers and other employees who place documentation in personnel records need training. Any person who has access and can place documents in an employee personnel file needs training to appropriately write the documentation. Stating in an employee reprimand that the employee was a complete deadbeat wont win your personnel records any prizes. But, untrained supervisors have been known to write similar statements and place them in employee personnel files. Better yet, limit access to the files to your HR staff person who is responsible for the records and knows what should and should not be placed in a personnel file. Balance the information you place in personnel records. Include both the positive and the negative aspects of an employees employment history. Too often, personnel records emphasize every negative occurrence and miss the positive components that every employee experiences. Think raises, promotions, excellence rewards, and copies of praise and than k you notes. Recognize the difference between a supervisors personal notes about their reporting staff and the official company personnel records. The supervisors notes that are used for performance improvement, to track projects and goal completion, and to fairly determine raises and performance development plans, for example, belong in a supervisors private file, not in the companys official personnel records. Recognize, too, the need to train supervisors in how to take notes and maintain documentation in their management file. The same criteria for facts, not opinions, and specific examples, not hearsay, apply to private notes. The supervisors private notes can be subpoenaed in the instance of a lawsuit, so caution is recommended even for private notes. The practice of supervisors keeping copies of records that exist in the official employee personnel file in their management file is not recommended. Hiring documentation and interview notes present a bit of a quandary. The best practice is to maintain a separate file for each lokalitt you fill that includes all of the documentation related to filling that position from the job posting to the reference checks. The applicants resumes, cover letters, and applications belong in this file except that you should move the hired employees application to the employee personnel file. This file has the official checklists and forms that strive for unbiased representation of a potential employees qualifications and support your decision to hire the most qualified candidate. The hiring managers opinions and notes that were taken during the hiring process do not belong in this file. Human Resources may collect these notes to maintain complete documentation on an employment decision, but they do not belong in the personnel records. Factual documentation about employment decisions. This documentation includes such decisions as promotion, transfer to a lateral opportunity, and salary increases and they belong in the person nel records. The supervisors or HRs opinions about the employee do not. Official disciplinary action documentation such as a written warning also belongs in the employees personnel file. Specific Examples of Documentation That Should Not Be in Personnel Records The following information should not be placed in personnel records. The documentation may require a separate file, may be classified as supervisory or management notes, or should not be kept at all by an employer. Any medical information belongs in the medical file.Payroll information belongs in the payroll file.Documents that include employee social security numbers or information about an employees protected classifications such as age, race, gender, national origin, disability, marital status, religious beliefs and so forth should never be kept in the personnel files.Supervisory documentation for the purpose of managing an employees work, setting goals, feedback provided and so forth should be filed in a private, supe rvisor or manager-owned folder. Investigation materialincluding the employee complaint, witness interviews, employee interview, findings, attorney recommendations, and resolution, plus follow-up to ensure noretaliation, should reside in an investigation file that is separate from personnel records.File employee I-9 forms in an I-9 file or location, away from employee personnel records.Place background checks including criminal history, credit reports, and so forth, and the results of drug testing in a separate file that supervisors, managers, and the employee cannot access. SHRM recommends either this separate file or recommends that this information may also be filed in the employees medical file. Employee Equal Opportunity records such as self-identification forms and government reports should not be kept in the personnel file nor anywhere the supervisor has access. If you follow these guidelines, your organization is effectively storing factual, supportable employment history and personnel records in the appropriate locations. DisclaimerPlease note that the information provided, while authoritative, is not guaranteed for accuracy and legality. The site is read by a world-wide audience and ?employment lawsand regulations vary from state to state and country to country. Please seek legal assistance, or assistance from State, Federal, or International governmental resources, to make certain your legal interpretation and decisions are correct for your location. This information is for guidance, ideas, and assistance.